http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8D%95%E6%9E%81%E5%AD%90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_monopole磁单极子是理论物理学弦理论中指一些仅带有北极或南极单一磁极的磁性物质,它们的磁感线分布类似于点电荷的电场线分布。更专业地说,这种粒子是一种带有一个单位“磁荷”的粒子。
英国物理学家保罗·狄拉克(Paul Dirac)早在1931年利用数学公式预言了磁单极子的存在。
德国柏林亥姆霍兹材料与能源研究中心与来自德累斯顿、圣安德鲁斯、拉普拉塔和牛津的研究人员在2009年于柏林进行的中子散射实验中,找到了自旋冰中磁单极子的类似物,但这并非狄拉克所预言的基本粒子。
凝聚态里的准粒子是“模拟”出来的粒子,人造的粒子。而粒子物理里的基本粒子是真实的粒子。
While the (currently understood) laws of physics (specifically the law ∇⋅B = 0) forbid the existence of monopoles in B, no such restriction applies to the magnetic H field when defined macroscopically.As a result, while all known particles (including the protons, neutrons, andelectrons that make up the periodic table) have zero magnetic charge, the phenomenon of fractionalization can lead to quasiparticles that are monopoles of H. There are indeed a number of examples in condensed-matter physics where collective behavior leads to emergent phenomena that resemble magnetic monopoles in certain respects,including most prominently the spin ice materials. While these should not be confused with hypothetical elementary monopoles existing in the vacuum, they nonetheless have similar properties and can be probed using similar techniques.
对于凝聚态物理中的单极,英文维基给的阐述。